Choosing YourTrading Style

Determining what trading style fits you best Understanding the different trading styles. Developing and maintaining market discipline

Before you get involved in actively trading the forex market, take a step back and think about how you wantto approach the market. There is more to currency trading than meets the eye, and we think the trading style you choose is one of the most important determinants of overall trading success. This chapter takes you through the main points to consider as you define your own approach to trading currencies. We review the characteristics of some of the most commonly applied trading styles and discuss what they mean in concrete terms. We also run you through the essential elements of developing and sticking to a trading plan.

Finding the Right Trading Style for You

We’re frequently asked, “What’s the best way to trade the forex market?” That’s a loaded question that seems to imply there’s a right way and a wrong way to trade currencies. Unfortunately, there is no easy answer. Better put, there is no standard answer — one that applies to everyone.

The forex market’s trading characteristics have something to offer every trading style (long-term, medium-term, or shortterm) and approach (technical, fundamental, or a blend). So in terms of deciding what style or approach is best suited to currencies, the starting point is not the forex market itself, but your own individual circumstances and way of thinking.

Real-world and lifestyle considerations

Before you can begin to identify the trading style and approach that works best for you, give some serious thought to what resources you have available to support your trading. As with many of life’s endeavors, when it comes to financial-market trading, there are two main resources that people never seem to have enough of: time and money. Deciding how much of each you can devote to currency trading helps to establish how you pursue your trading goals.

If you’re a full-time trader, you have lots of time to devote to market analysis and actually trading the market. But because currencies trade around the clock, you still have to be mindful of which session you’re trading, and of the daily peaks and troughs of activity and liquidity. (See Chapter 1 for trading session specifics.) Just because the market is always open doesn’t mean it’s necessarily always a good time to trade. If you have a full-time job, your boss may not appreciate your taking time to catch up on the charts or economic data reports while you’re at work. That means you’ll have to use your free time to do your market research. Be realistic when you think about how much time you’ll be able to devote on a regular basis, keeping in mind family obligations and other personal circumstances.

When it comes to money, we can’t stress enough that trading capital has to be risk capital and that you should never risk any money that you can’t afford to lose. The standard definition of risk capital is money that, if lost, will not materially affect your standard of living. It goes without saying that borrowed money is not risk capital — you should never use borrowed money for speculative trading. When you determine how much risk capital you have available for trading, you’ll have a better idea of what size account you can trade and what position size you can handle. Most online trading platforms typically offer generous leverage ratios that allow you to control a larger position with less required margin. But just because they offer high leverage doesn’t mean you have to fully utilize it.

Making time for market analysis

The amount of data and news that flows through the forex market on a daily basis can be truly overwhelming. So how can an individual trader possibly keep up with all the data and news? The key is to develop an efficient daily routine of market analysis. Thanks to the Internet and online currency brokerages, independent traders can access a variety of information. Your daily regimen of market analysis should focus on: Overnight forex market developments: Who said what, which data came out, and how the currency pairs reacted. Daily updates of other major market movements over the prior 24 hours and the stories behind them: If oil prices or U.S. Treasury yields rose or fell substantially, find out why. Data releases and market events (for example, the retail sales report, Fed speeches, central bank rate announcements) expected for that day: Ideally, you’ll monitor data and event calendars one week in advance, so you can be anticipating the outcomes along with the rest of the market.

Multiple-time-frame technical analysis of major currency pairs: There is nothing like the visual image of price action to fill in the blanks of how data and news affected individual currency pairs. Current events and geopolitical themes: Stay abreast on issues of major elections, political scandals, military conflicts, and policy initiatives in the major currency nations.

Technical versus fundamental analysis

Ask yourself on what basis you’ll make your trading decisions — fundamental analysis or technical analysis? Fundamentals are the broad grouping of news and information that reflects the macroeconomic and political fortunes of the countries whose currencies are traded. Most of the time, when you hear someone talking about the fundamentals of a currency, he’s referring to the economic fundamentals. Economic fundamentals are based on:

Economic data reports Interest rate levels Monetary policy International trade flows International investment flows. The term technicals refers to technical analysis, a form of market analysis most commonly involving chart analysis, trend-line analysis, and mathematical studies of price behavior, such as momentum or moving averages, to mention just a couple. We don’t know of too many currency traders who don’t follow some form of technical analysis in their trading. Even the stereotypical seat-of-the-pants, trade-your-gut traders are likely to at least be aware of technical price levels identified by others.

If you’ve been an active trader in other financial markets, chances are, you’ve engaged in some technical analysis or at least heard of it. Followers of each discipline have always debated which approach works better. Rather than take sides, we suggest following an approach that blends the two disciplines. In our experience, macroeconomic factors such as interest rates, relative growth rates, and market sentiment determine the big-picture direction of currency rates. But currencies rarely move in a straight line, which means there are plenty of shortterm price fluctuations to take advantage of — and some of them can be substantial.

Technical analysis can provide the guideposts along the route of the bigger price move, allowing traders to more accurately predict the direction and scope of future price changes. Most important, technical analysis is the key to constructing a welldefined trading strategy. For example, your fundamental analysis, data expectations, or plain old gut instinct may lead you to conclude that USD/JPY is going lower. But where exactly do you get short? Where do you take profit, and where do you cut your losses? You can use technical analysis to refine trade entry and exit points, and to decide whether and where to add to positions or reduce them. Sometimes forex markets seem to be more driven by fundamental factors, such as current economic data or comments from a central bank official. In those times, fundamentals provide the catalysts for technical breakouts and reversals.

At other times, technical developments seem to be leading the charge — a break of trend-line support may trigger stop-loss selling by market longs and bring in model systems that are selling based on the break of support. Subsequent economic reports may run counter to the directional breakout, but data be damned — the support is gone, and the market is selling. Approaching the market with a blend of fundamental and technical analysis improves your chances of both spottingtrade opportunities and managing your trades more effectively. You’ll also be better prepared to handle markets that are alternately reacting to fundamental and technical developments or some combination of the two.

Different Strokes for Different Folks

After you’ve given some thought to the time and resources you’re able to devote to currency trading and which approach you favor (technical, fundamental, or a blend), the next step is to settle on a trading style that best fits those choices. There are as many different trading styles and market approaches in FX as there are individuals in the market. But most trading styles can be grouped into three main categories that boil down to varying degrees of exposure to market risk. The two main elements of market risk are time and relative price movements. The longer you hold a position, the more risk you’re exposed to.

The more of a price change you’re anticipating, the more risk you’re exposed to.In the next few sections we detail the three main trading styles and what they really mean for individual traders. Our aim here is not to advocate for any particular trading style, because styles frequently overlap, and you can adopt different styles for different trade opportunities or different market conditions. Instead, our goal is to give you an idea of the various approaches used by forex market professionals so you can understand the basis of each style.

Short-term, high-frequency day trading

Short-term trading in currencies is unlike short-term trading in most other markets. A short-term trade in stocks or commodities usually means holding a position for a day to several days at least. But because of the liquidity and narrow bid/offer spreads in currencies, prices are constantly fluctuating in small increments. The steady and fluid price action in currencies allows for extremely short-term trading by speculators intent on capturing just a few pips on each trade. Short-term forex trading typically involves holding a position for only a few seconds or minutes and rarely longer than an hour. But the time element is not the defining feature of shortterm currency trading. Instead, the pip fluctuations are what’s important.

Traders who follow a short-term trading style are seeking to profit by repeatedly opening and closing positions after gaining just a few pips, frequently as little as 1 or 2 pips. In the interbank market, extremely short-term, in-and-out trading is referred to as jobbing the market; online currency traders call it scalping. (We use the terms interchangeably.) Traders who follow this style have to be among the fastest and most disciplined of traders because they’re out to capture only a few pips on each trade. In terms of speed, rapid reaction and instantaneous decision-making are essential to successfully jobbing the market. When it comes to discipline, scalpers must be absolutely ruthless in both taking profits and losses. If you’re in it to make only a few pips on each trade, you can’t afford to lose much more than a few pips on each trade.

Jobbing the market requires an intuitive feel for the market. (Some practitioners refer to it as rhythm trading.) Scalpers don’t worry about the fundamentals too much. If you were to ask a scalper for her opinion of a particular currency pair, she would be likely to respond along the lines of “It feels bid” or “It feels offered” (meaning, she senses an underlying buying or selling bias in the market — but only at that moment). If you ask her again a few minutes later, she may respond in the opposite direction. Successful scalpers have absolutely no allegiance to any single position. They couldn’t care less if the currency pair goes up or down. They’re strictly focused on the next few pips.

Their position is either working for them, or they’re out of it faster than you can blink an eye. All they need is volatility and liquidity. Retail traders are typically faced with bid/offer spreads of between 2 and 5 pips. Although this makes jobbing slightly more difficult, it doesn’t mean you can’t still engage in shortterm trading — it just means you’ll need to adjust the risk parameters of the style. Instead of looking to make 1 to 2 pips on each trade, you need to aim for a pip gain at least as large as the spread you’re dealing with in each currency pair. The
other basic rules of taking only minimal losses and not hanging on to a position for too long still apply. Here are some other important guidelines to keep in mind when following a short-term trading strategy:

Trade only the most liquid currency pairs, such as EUR/USD, USD/JPY, EUR/GBP, EUR/JPY, and EUR/CHF.
The most liquid pairs have the tightest trading spreads and fewer sudden price jumps.

Trade only during times of peak liquidity and market interest. Consistent liquidity and fluid market interest are essential to short-term trading strategies. Market liquidity is deepest during the European session when Asian and North American trading centers overlap with European time zones — about 2 a.m. to noon Eastern time (ET). Trading in other sessions can leave you with far fewer and less predictable short-term price movements to take advantage of.

Focus your trading on only one pair at a time. If you’re aiming to capture second-by-second or minute-by-minute price movements, you’ll need to fully concentrate on one pair at a time. It’ll also improve your feel for the pair if that pair is all you’re watching.
Preset your default trade size so you don’t have to keep specifying it on each deal. Look for a brokerage firm that offers click-and-deal trading so you’re not subject to execution delays or requotes. Adjust your risk and reward expectations to reflect the dealing spread of the currency pair you’re trading.

With 2- to 5-pip spreads on most major pairs, you probably need to capture 3 to 10 pips per trade to offset losses if the market moves against you. Avoid trading around data releases. Carrying a shortterm position into a data release is very risky because prices can gap sharply after the release, blowing a shortterm strategy out of the water. Markets are also prone to quick price adjustments in the 15 to 30 minutes ahead of major data releases as nearby orders are triggered. This can lead to a quick shift against your position that may not be resolved before the data comes out.

Medium-term directional trading

Medium-term positions are typically held for periods ranging anywhere from a few minutes to a few hours, but usually not much longer than a day. Just as with short-term trading, the key distinction for medium-term trading is not the length of time the position is open, but the amount of pips you’re seeking/risking. Where short-term trading looks to profit from the routine noise of minor price fluctuations, almost without regard for the overall direction of the market, medium-term trading seeks to get the overall direction right and profit from more significant currency rate moves.

Almost as many currency speculators fall into the mediumterm category (sometimes referred to as momentum trading and swing trading) as fall into the short-term trading category. Medium-term trading requires many of the same skills as short-term trading, especially when it comes to entering/ exiting positions, but it also demands a broader perspective, greater analytical effort, and a lot more patience.

Capturing intraday price moves for maximum effect

The essence of medium-term trading is determining where a currency pair is likely to go over the next several hours or days and constructing a trading strategy to exploit that view. Medium-term traders typically pursue one of the following overall approaches, with plenty of room to combine strategies:

Trading a view: Having a fundamental-based opinion on which way a currency pair is likely to move. View trades are typically based on prevailing market themes, like interest rate expectations or economic growth trends. View traders still need to be aware of technical levels as part of an overall trading plan.

Trading the technicals: Basing your market outlook on chart patterns, trend lines, support and resistance levels, and momentum studies. Technical traders typically spot a trade opportunity on their charts, but they still need to be aware of fundamental events, because they’re the catalysts for many breaks of technical levels.

Trading events and data: Basing positions on expected outcomes of events, like a central bank rate decision or a G7 meeting, or individual data reports. Event/data traders typically open positions well in advance of events and close them when the outcome is known.

Trading with the flow: Trading based on overall market direction (trend) or information of major buying and selling (flows). To trade on flow information, look for a broker that offers market flow commentary, like that found in FOREX.com’s Forex Insider (www.forex.com/forex_research.html). Flow traders tend to stay out of shortterm range-bound markets and jump in only when a market move is under way.

When is a trend not a trend?

When it’s a range. A trading range or a range-bound market is a market that remains confined within a relatively narrow range of prices. In currency pairs, a short-term (over the next few hours) trading range may be 20 to 50 pips wide, while a longer-term (over the next few days to weeks) range can be 200 to 400 pips wide. For all the hype that trends get in various market literature, the reality is that most markets trend no more than a third of the time.

The rest of the time they’re bouncing around in ranges, consolidating, and trading sideways. Although medium-term traders are normally looking to capture larger relative price movements — say, 50 to 100 pips or more — they’re also quick to take smaller profits on the basis of short-term price behavior. For instance, if a break of a technical resistance level suggests a targeted price move of 80 pips higher to the next resistance level, the medium-term trader is going to be more than happy capturing 70 percent to 80 percent of the expected price move. They’re not going to hold on to the position looking for the exact price target to be hit.

Long-term macroeconomic trading

Long-term trading in currencies is generally reserved for hedge funds and other institutional types with deep pockets. Long-term trading in currencies can involve holding positions for weeks, months, and potentially years at a time. Holding positions for that long necessarily involves being exposed to significant short-term volatility that can quickly overwhelm margin trading accounts. With proper risk management, individual margin traders can seek to capture longer-term trends. The key is to hold a small enough position relative to your margin balance that you can withstand volatility of as much as 5 percent or more.

Carry trade strategies

A carry trade happens when you buy a high-yielding currency and sell a relatively lower-yielding currency. The strategy profits in two ways: By being long the higher-yielding currency and short the lower-yielding currency, you can earn the interestrate differential between the two currencies, known as the carry. If you have the opposite position — long the low-yielder and short the high-yielder — the interest-rate differential is against you, and it is known as the cost of carry.

Spot prices appreciate in the direction of the interestrate differential. Currency pairs with significant interestrate differentials tend to move in favor of the higheryielding currency as traders who are long the high yielder are rewarded, increasing buying interest, and traders who are short the high yielder are penalized, reducing selling interest. So let me get this straight, you may be thinking: All I have to do is buy the higher-yielding currency/sell the lower-yielding currency, sit back, earn the carry, and watch the spot price move higher? What’s the catch?

The catch is that downside spot price volatility can quickly swamp any gains from the carry trade’s interest-rate differential. The risk can be compounded by excessive market positioning in favor of the carry trade, meaning a carry trade has become so popular that everyone gets in on it. Figure 3-1 illustrates the trending price gains of a carry trade, punctuated by sudden price setbacks. Carry trades usually work best in low-volatility environments, meaning when financial markets are relatively stable and investors are forced to chase yield. Keep in mind that carry trades need to have a significant interest-rate differential between the two currencies (typically more than 2 percent) to make them attractive. And carry trades are definitely a longterm strategy, because depending on when you get in, you may get caught in a downdraft that could take several days or weeks to unwind before the trade becomes profitable again.

Developing a Disciplined Trading Plan

No matter which trading style you decide to pursue, you need an organized trading plan, or you won’t get very far. The difference
between making money and losing money in the forex market can be as simple as trading with a plan or trading without one. A trading plan is an organized approach to executing a trade strategy that you’ve developed based on your market analysis and outlook. Here are the key components of any trading plan: Daily NZD/JPY Carry trades can see significant spot price gains punctuated by rapid price reversals.

Determining position size: How large a position will you take for each trade strategy? Position size is half the equation for determining how much money is at stake in each trade.

Deciding where to enter the position: Exactly where will you try to open the desired position? What happens if your entry level is not reached?

Setting stop-loss and take-profit levels: Exactly wherewill you exit the position, both if it’s a winning position (take profit) and if it’s a losing position (stop loss)? Stoploss and take-profit levels are the second half of the equation that determines how much money is at stake in each trade. That’s it — just three simple components. But it’s amazing how many traders, experienced and beginner alike, open positions without ever having fully thought through exactly what their game plan is.

Of course, you need to consider numerous finer points when constructing a trading plan. But for now, I just want to drive home the point that trading without an organized plan is like flying an airplane blindfolded — you may be able to get off the ground, but how will you land? And no matter how good your trading plan is, it won’t work if you don’t follow it. Sometimes emotions bubble up and distract traders from their trade plans. Other times, an unexpected piece of news or price movement causes traders to abandon their trade strategy in midstream, or midtrade, as the case may be. Either way, when this happens, it’s the same as never having had a trade plan in the first place.

Developing a trade plan and sticking to it are the two main ingredients of trading discipline. If we were to name the one defining characteristic of successful traders, it wouldn’t be technical analysis skill, gut instinct, or aggressiveness — though they’re all important. Nope, it would be trading discipline. Traders who follow a disciplined approach are the ones who survive year after year and market cycle after market cycle. They can even be wrong more often than right and still make money because they follow a disciplined approach.

Taking the Emotion Out of Trading

If the key to successful trading is a disciplined approach — developing a trading plan and sticking to it — why is it so hard for many traders to practice trading discipline? The answer is complex, but it usually boils down to a simple case of human emotions getting the better of them. Don’t underestimate the power of emotions to distract and disrupt. So exactly how do you take the emotion out of trading? The simple answer is: You can’t. As long as your heart is pumping and your synapses are firing, emotions are going to be flowing. And truth be told, the emotional highs of trading are one of the reasons people are drawn to it in the first place. There’s no rush quite like putting on a successful trade and taking some money out of the market. So just accept that you’re going to experience some pretty intense emotions when you’re trading. The longer answer is that because you can’t block out the emotions, the best you can hope to achieve is understanding where the emotions are coming from, recognizing them when they hit, and limiting their impact on your trading. It’s a lot easier said than done, but keep in mind some of the following to keep your emotions in check:

Focus on the pips and not the dollars and cents. Don’t be distracted by the exact amount of money won or lost in a trade. Instead, focus on where prices are and how they’re behaving. The market has no idea what your trade size is and how much you’re making or losing, but it does know where the current price is. It’s not about being right or wrong; it’s about making money. The market doesn’t care if you were right or wrong, and neither should you. The only true way of measuring trading success is in dollars and cents.

You’re going to lose in a fair number of trades. No trader is right all of the time. Taking losses is as much a part of the routine as taking profits. You can still be successful over time with a solid risk-management plan.

The Mechanics of Currency Trading

The currency market has its own set of market trading conventions and related lingo, just like any financial market. If you’re new to currency trading, the mechanics and terminology may take some getting used to. But at the end of the day, most currency trade conventions are pretty straightforward.

Buying and Selling At The Same Time

The biggest mental hurdle facing newcomers to currencies, especially traders familiar with other markets, is getting their head around the idea that each currency trade consists of a simultaneous purchase and sale. In the stock market, for instance, if you buy 100 shares of Google, you own 100 shares and hope to see the price go up. When you want to exit that position, you simply sell what you bought earlier. Easy, right? But in currencies, the purchase of one currency involves the simultaneous sale of another currency. This is the exchange in foreign exchange. To put it another way, if you’re looking for the dollar to go higher, the question is “Higher against what?”

The answer is another currency. In relative terms, if the dollar goes up against another currency, that other currency also has gone down against the dollar. To think of it in stockmarket terms, when you buy a stock, you’re selling cash, and when you sell a stock, you’re buying cash.

Currency Pairs

To make matters easier, forex markets refer to trading currencies by pairs, with names that combine the two different currencies being traded, or “exchanged,” against each other. Additionally, forex markets have given most currency pairs nicknames or abbreviations, which reference the pair and not necessarily the individual currencies involved.

Major currency pairs

The major currency pairs all involve the U.S. dollar on one side of the deal. The designations of the major currencies are expressed using International Standardization Organization (ISO) codes for each currency. Table 2-1 lists the most frequently traded currency pairs, what they’re called in conventional terms, and what nicknames the market has given them.

The Major U.S. Dollar Currency Pairs

Currency Pair	Countries	Long Name	Nickname
EUR/USD	Eurozone*	Euro-dollar	N/A
USD/JPY	U.S./Japan	Dollar-yen	N/A
GBP/USD	United Kingdom/U.S	Sterling-dollar	Sterling or Cable
USD/CHF	U.S./Switzerland	Dollar-Swiss	Swissy
USD/CAD	U.S./Canada	Dollar-Canada	Loonie
AUD/USD	USD Australia/U.S	Australian-dollar	Aussie or Oz
NZD/USD	New Zealand/U.S	New Zealand-dollar	Kiwi

The Eurozone is made up of all the countries in the European Union that haveadopted the euro as their currency.

Major cross-currency pairs

Although the vast majority of currency trading takes place in the dollar pairs, cross-currency pairs serve as an alternative to always trading the U.S. dollar. A cross-currency pair, or cross or crosses for short, is any currency pair that does not include the U.S. dollar. Cross rates are derived from the respective USD pairs but are quoted independently. Crosses enable traders to more directly target trades to specific individual currencies to take advantage of news or events. For example, your analysis may suggest that the Japanese yen has the worst prospects of all the major currencies going forward, based on interest rates or the economic outlook.

To takeadvantage of this, you’d be looking to sell JPY, but against which other currency? You consider the USD, potentially buying USD/JPY (buying USD/selling JPY) but then you conclude that the USD’s prospects are not much better than the JPY’s. Further research on your part may point to another currency that has a much better outlook (such as high or rising interest rates or signs of a strengthening economy), say the Australian dollar (AUD). In this example, you would then be looking to buy the AUD/JPY cross (buying AUD/selling JPY) to target your view that AUD has the best prospects among major currencies and the JPY the worst.

The most actively traded crosses focus on the three major non- USD currencies (namely EUR, JPY, and GBP) and are referred to as euro crosses, yen crosses, and sterling crosses. Table 2-2 highlights the most actively traded cross currency pairs.

Most Actively Traded Cross Pairs

Currency Pair	Countries	Market Name
EUR/CHF	Eurozone/Switzerland	Euro-Swiss
EUR/GBP	Eurozone/United Kingdom	Euro-Sterling
EUR/JPY	Eurozone/Japan	Euro-Yen
GBP/JPY	United Kingdom/Japan	Sterling-Yen
AUD/JPY	Australia/Japan	Aussie-Yen
NZD/JPY	New Zealand/Japan	Kiwi-Yen

The long and the short of it

Forex markets use the same terms to express market positioning as most other financial markets. But because currency trading involves simultaneous buying and selling, being clear on the terms helps — especially if you’re totally new to financial market trading.

Going long

No, we’re not talking about running out deep for a football pass. A long position, or simply a long, refers to a market position in which you’ve bought a security. In FX, it refers to having bought a currency pair. When you’re long, you’re looking for prices to move higher, so you can sell at a higher price than where you bought.

Base currencies and counter currencies

When you look at currency pairs, you may notice that the currencies are combined in a seemingly strange order. For instance, if sterling-yen (GBP/JPY) is a yen cross, then why isn’t it referred to as “yen-sterling” and written “JPY/GBP”? The answer is that these quoting conventions evolved over the years to reflect traditionally strong currencies versus traditionally weak currencies, with the strong currency coming first. It also reflects the market quoting convention where the first currency in the pair is known as the base currency.

The base currency is what you’re buying or selling when you buy or sell the pair. It’s also the notional, or face, amount of the trade. So if you buy 100,000 EUR/JPY, you’ve just bought 100,000 euros and sold the equivalent amount in Japanese yen. If you sell 100,000 GBP/CHF, you just sold 100,000 British pounds and bought the equivalent amount of Swiss francs.

The second currency in the pair is called the counter currency, or the secondary currency. Hey, who said this stuff isn’t intuitive? Most important for you as an FX trader, the counter currency is the denomination of the price fluctuations and, ultimately, what your profit and losses will be denominated in. If you buy GBP/JPY, it goes up, and you take a profit, your gains are not in pounds, but in yen. (We run through the math of calculating profit and loss later in this chapter.) you have to sell what you bought. If you’re buying at multiple price levels, you’re adding to longs and getting longer.

Getting short

A short position, or simply a short, refers to a market position in which you’ve sold a security that you never owned. In the stock market, selling a stock short requires borrowing the stock (and paying a fee to the lending brokerage) so you can sell it. In forex markets, it means you’ve sold a currency pair, meaning you’ve sold the base currency and bought the counter currency. So you’re still making an exchange, just in the opposite order and according to currency-pair quoting terms.

When you’ve sold a currency pair, it’s called going short or getting short and it means you’re looking for the pair’s price to move lower so you can buy it back at a profit. If you sell at various price levels, you’re adding to shorts and getting shorter. In currency trading, going short is as common as going long. “Selling high and buying low” is a standard currency trading strategy. Currency pair rates reflect relative values between two currencies and not an absolute price of a single stock or commodity.

Because currencies can fall or rise relative to each other, both in medium and long-term trends and minute-to minute fluctuations, currency pair prices are as likely to be going down at any moment as they are up. To take advantage of such moves, forex traders routinely use short positions to exploit falling currency prices. Traders from other markets may feel uncomfortable with short selling, but it’s just something you have to get your head around.

Squaring up

Having no position in the market is called being square or flat. If you have an open position and you want to close it, it’s called squaring up. If you’re short, you need to buy to square up. If you’re long, you need to sell to go flat. The only time you have no market exposure or financial risk is when you’re square.

Profit and Loss

Profit and loss (P&L) is how traders measure success and failure. A clear understanding of how P&L works is especially critical to online margin trading, where your P&L directly affects the amount of margin you have to work with. Changes in your margin balance determine how much you can trade and for how long you can trade if prices move against you.

Margin balances and liquidations

When you open an online currency trading account, you’ll need to pony up cash as collateral to support the margin requirements established by your broker. That initial margin deposit becomes your opening margin balance and is the basis on which all your subsequent trades are collateralized. Unlike futures markets or margin-based equity trading, online forex brokerages do not issue margin calls (requests for more collateral to support open positions). Instead, they establish ratios of margin balances to open positions that must be maintained at all times.

Here’s an example to help you understand how required margin ratios work. Say you have an account with a leverage ratio of 100:1 (so $1 of margin in your account can control a $100 position size), but your broker requires a 100% margin ratio, meaning you need to maintain 100% of the required margin at all times. The ratio varies with account size, but a 100% margin requirement is typical for small accounts. That means to have a position size of $10,000, you’d need $100 in your account, because $10,000 divided by the leverage ratio of 100 is $100. If your account’s margin balance falls below the required ratio, your broker probably has the right to close out your positions without any notice to you. If your broker liquidates your position, that usually means your losses are locked in and your margin balance just got smaller.

Be sure you completely understand your broker’s margin requirements and liquidation policies. Requirements may differ depending on account size and whether you’re trading standard lot sizes (100,000 currency units) or mini lot sizes (10,000 currency units). Some brokers’ liquidation policies allow for all positions to be liquidated if you fall below margin requirements.

Others close out the biggest losing positions or portions of losing positions until the required ratio is satisfied again. You can find the details in the fine print of the account opening contract that you sign. Always read the fine print to be sure you understand your broker’s margin and trading policies.

Unrealized and realized profit and loss

Most online forex brokers provide real-time mark-to-market calculations showing your margin balance. Mark-to-market is the calculation that shows your unrealized P&L based on where you could close your open positions in the market at that instant. Depending on your broker’s trading platform, if you’re long, the calculation will typically be based on where you could sell at that moment.

If you’re short, the price used will be where you can buy at that moment. Your margin balance is the sum of your initial margin deposit, your unrealized P&L, and your realized P&L. Realized P&L is what you get when you close out a trade position, or a portion of a trade position. If you close out the full position and go flat, whatever you made or lost leaves the unrealized P&L calculation and goes into your margin balance. If you only close a portion of your open positions, only that part of the trade’s P&L is realized and goes into the margin balance.

Your unrealized P&L continues to fluctuate based on the remaining open positions, as does your total margin balance. If you’ve got a winning position open, your unrealized P&L is positive and your margin balance increases. If the market is moving against your positions, your unrealized P&L is negative and your margin balance is reduced. Forex prices change constantly, so your mark-to-market unrealized P&L and total margin balance also change constantly.

Calculating profit and loss with pips

Profit-and-loss calculations are pretty straightforward in terms of math — they’re all based on position size and the number of pips you make or lose. A pip is the smallest increment of price fluctuation in currency prices. Pips can also be referred to as points; we use the two terms interchangeably. Looking at a few currency pairs helps you get an idea what a pip is. Most currency pairs are quoted using five digits. The placement of the decimal point depends on whether it’s a JPY currency pair, in which case there are two digits behind the decimal point. All others currency pairs have four digits behind the decimal point. In all cases, that last itty-bitty digit is the pip.

Focus on the EUR/USD price first. Looking at EUR/USD, if the price moves from 1.2853 to 1.2873, it’s just gone up by 20 pips. If it goes from 1.2853 down to 1.2792, it’s just gone down by 61 pips. Pips provide an easy way to calculate the P&L. To turn that pip movement into a P&L calculation, all you need to know is the size of the position. For a 100,000 EUR/USD position, the 20-pip move equates to $200 (EUR 100,000 × 0.0020 = $200). For a 50,000 EUR/USD position, the 61-point move translates into $305 (EUR 50,000 × 0.0061 = $305). Whether the amounts are positive or negative depends on whether you were long or short for each move.

If you were short for the move higher, that’s a – in front of the $200, if you were long, it’s a +. EUR/USD is easy to calculate, especially for USD-based traders, because the P&L accrues in dollars. If you take USD/CHF, you’ve got another calculation to make before you can make sense of it. That’s because the P&L is going to be denominated in Swiss francs (CHF) because CHF is the counter currency. If USD/CHF drops from 1.2267 to 1.2233 and you’re short USD 100,000 for the move lower, you’ve just caught a 34-pip decline. That’s a profit worth CHF 340 (USD 100,000 × 0.0034 = CHF 340). Yeah but how much is that in real money? To convert it into USD, you need to divide the CHF 340 by the USD/CHF rate. Use the closing rate of the trade (1.2233), because that’s where the market was last, and you get USD 277.94. Even the venerable pip is in the process of being updated as electronic trading continues to advance. Just a couple paragraphs earlier, we tell you that the pip is the smallest increment of currency price fluctuations. Not so fast. The online market is rapidly advancing to decimalizing pips (trading in 1⁄10 pips) and half-pip prices have been the norm in certain currency pairs in the interbank market for many years.

Factoring profit and loss into margin calculations

The good news is that online FX trading platforms calculate the P&L for you automatically, both unrealized while the trade is open and realized when the trade is closed. So why did we just drag you through the math of calculating P&L using pips? Because online brokerages only start calculating your P&L for you after you enter a trade. To structure your trade and manage your risk effectively (How big a position? How much margin to risk?), you’re going to need to calculate your P&L outcomes before you enter the trade.

Understanding the P&L implications of a trade strategy you’re considering is critical to maintaining your margin balance and staying in control of your trading. This simple exercise can help prevent you from costly mistakes, like putting on a trade that’s too large, or putting stop-loss orders beyond prices where your account falls below the margin requirement. At the minimum, you need to calculate the price point at which your position will be liquidated when your margin balance falls below the required ratio.

Rollovers and Interest Rates

One market convention unique to currencies is rollovers. A rollover is a transaction where an open position from one value date (settlement date) is rolled over into the next value date. Rollovers represent the intersection of interest-rate markets and forex markets.

Currency is money, after all !

Rollover rates are based on the difference in interest rates of the two currencies in the pair you’re trading. That’s because what you’re actually trading is good old-fashioned cash. When you’re long a currency, it’s like having a deposit in the bank. If you’re short a currency, it’s like having borrowed a loan. Just as you would expect to earn interest on a bank deposit or pay interest on a loan, you should expect an interest gain/expense for holding a currency position over the change in value.

Think of an open currency position as one account with a positive balance (the currency you’re long) and one with a negative balance (the currency you’re short). But because your accounts are in two different currencies, the two interest rates of the different countries apply. The difference between the interest rates in the two countries is called the interest-rate differential. The larger the interestrate differential, the larger the impact from rollovers. The narrower the interest-rate differential, the smaller the effect from rollovers. You can find relevant interest-rate levels of the major currencies from any number of financial-market Web sites. Look for the base or benchmark lending rates in each country.

Applying rollovers

Rollover transactions are usually carried out automatically by your forex broker if you hold an open position past the change in value date. Rollovers are applied to your open position by two offsetting trades that result in the same open position. Some online forex brokers apply the rollover rates by adjusting the average rate of your open position. Other forex brokers apply rollover rates by applying the rollover credit or debit directly to your margin balance. Here’s what you need to remember about rollovers:

_ Rollovers are applied to open positions after the 5 p.m. ET change in value date, or trade settlement date.

_ Rollovers are not applied if you don’t carry a position over the change in value date. So if you’re square at the close of each trading day, you’ll never have to worry about rollovers.

_ Rollovers represent the difference in interest rates between the two currencies in your open position, but they’re applied in currency-rate terms.

_ Rollovers constitute net interest earned or paid by you, depending on the direction of your position.

_ Rollovers can earn you money if you’re long the currency with the higher interest rate and short the currency with the lower interest rate.

_ Rollovers cost you money if you’re short the currency with the higher interest rate and long the currency with the lower interest rates.

Understanding Currency Quotes

Here, we look at how online brokerages display currency prices and what they mean for trade and order execution. Keep in mind that different online forex brokers use different formats to display prices on their trading platforms.

Bids and offers

When you’re in front of your screen and looking at an online forex broker’s trading platform, you’ll see two prices for each currency pair. The price on the left-hand side is called the bid and the price on the right-hand side is called the offer (some call this the ask). The “bid” is the price at which you can sell the base currency. The “offer” is the price at which you can buy the base currency. Some brokers display the prices above and below each other, with the bid on the bottom and the offer on top. The easy way to tell the difference is that the bid price is always lower than the offer price.

The price quotation of each bid and offer you see will have two components: the big figure and the dealing price. The big figure refers to the first three digits of the overall currency rate and is usually shown in a smaller font size or even in shadow. The dealing price refers to the last two digits of the overall currency price and is brightly displayed in a larger font size. For example, if the full EUR/USD price quotation is 1.3493/95. The 1.34 is the big figure and is there to show you the full price level (or big figure) that the market is currently trading at. The 93/95 portion of the price is the bid/offer dealing price.

Spreads

A spread is the difference between the bid price and the offer price. Most online forex brokers utilize spread-based trading platforms for individual traders. Look at the spread as the compensation the broker receives for being the market-maker and executing your trade. Spreads vary from broker to broker and by currency pairs at each broker as well. Generally, the more liquid the currency pair, the narrower the spread; the less liquid the currency pair, the wider the spread. This is especially the case for some of the less-traded crosses.

Join me on the tomorrow for the concluding part of the introduction to forex trading. After this we will go into more details about the business of trading currencies.

What Is The Forex Market ?

_ Getting inside the forex market

_ Understanding that speculating is the name of the game

_ Trading currencies around the world

_ Linking other financial markets to currencies

The foreign exchange market — most often called the forex market, or simply the FX market — is the most traded financial market in the world. We like to think of the forex market as the “Big Kahuna” of financial markets. The foreign exchange market is perhaps the most interesting of all markets, as it is one of the few markets where the sheer size of the market makes it almost impossible for any one person, institution or government to control.

The forex market is the crossroads for international capital, the intersection through which global commercial and investment flows have to move. International trade flows, such as when a Swiss electronics company purchases Japanese-made components, were the original basis for the development of the forex markets. Today, however, global financial and investment flows dominate trade as the primary non-speculative source of forex market volume. Whether it’s an Australian pension fund investing in U.S. Treasury bonds, or a British insurer allocating assets to the Japanese equity market, or a German conglomerate purchasing a Canadian manufacturing facility, each cross-border transaction passes through the forex market at some stage.

More than anything else, the forex market is a trader’s market. It’s a market that’s open around the clock six days a week, enabling traders to act on news and events as they happen. It’s a market where half-billion-dollar trades can be executed in a matter of seconds and may not even move prices noticeably. Try buying or selling a half billion of anything in another market and see how prices react.

Traditionally, currency trading has been a 'professionals only' market available exclusively to banks and large institutions, however, because of the rise of the new E-economy, online Forex trading firms are now able to offer trading accounts to 'retail' traders like you and I. Now almost anyone with a computer and an Internet connection can trade currencies just like the world's largest banks do. There are now over 6 million trading accounts worldwide up from 1.7million in 1997.

Getting Inside the Numbers

Average daily currency trading volumes exceed $2 trillion per day. That’s a mind-boggling number, isn’t it?
$2,000,000,000,000 — that’s a lot of zeros, no matter how you slice it. To give you some perspective on that size, it’s about 10 to 15 times the size of daily trading volume on all the world’s stock markets combined.

The Spot Market

The spot or cash market is the actual price of a currency at that moment in time - the price for immediate delivery. A trader will contact his broker or bank and ask for a price for the pair of currencies he wants to trade. A spot contract is a contract between two parties who exchange an agreed upon amount of two currencies at an agreed upon exchange rate. The normal delivery time for a forex contract is two days. With the exception of the Canadian dollar which is one day.

The reason for the two days for deliver was established long before modern technology and sufficient time was needed to verify all the details of the transaction. Nowadays, transactions are concluded in fractions of a second. Transactions are normally concluded via telephone or automated dealing desks. When using the telephone to transact a trade it is important to know the correct etiquette. This can differ dramatically from broker to broker or bank to bank. It is important that you first contact your broker or bank and ask for the correct procedure for placing orders.

Speculating in the currency market

While commercial and financial transactions in the currency markets represent huge nominal sums, they still pale in comparison to amounts based on speculation. By far the vast majority of currency trading volume is based on speculation — traders buying and selling for short-term gains based on minute-to-minute, hour-to-hour, and day-to-day price fluctuations. Estimates are that upwards of 90 percent of daily trading volume is derived from speculation (meaning, commercial or investment-based FX trades account for less than 10 percent of daily global volume).

The depth and breadth of the speculative market means that the liquidity of the overall forex market is unparalleled among global financial markets. The bulk of spot currency trading, about 75 percent by volume, takes place in the so-called “major currencies,” which represent the world’s largest and most developed economies. Additionally, activity in the forex market frequently functions on a regional “currency bloc” basis, where the bulk of trading takes place between the USD bloc, JPY bloc, and EUR bloc, representing the three largest global economic regions.

Getting liquid without getting soaked

Liquidity refers to the level of market interest — the level of buying and selling volume — available at any given moment for a particular asset or security. The higher the liquidity, or the deeper the market, the faster and easier it is to buy or sell a security. From a trading perspective, liquidity is a critical consideration because it determines how quickly prices move between trades and over time.

A highly liquid market like forex can see large trading volumes transacted with relatively minor price changes. An illiquid, or thin, market tends to see prices move more rapidly on relatively lower trading volumes. A market that only trades during certain hours (futures contracts, for example) also represents a less liquid, thinner market.

Trading Times

The forex market is open and active 24 hours a day from the start of business hours on Monday morning in the Asia-Pacific time zone straight through to the Friday close of business hours in New York. At any given moment, depending on the time zone, dozens of global financial centers — such as Sydney, Tokyo, or London — are open, and currency trading desks in those financial centers are active in the market. Currency trading doesn’t even stop for holidays when other financial markets, like stocks or futures exchanges, may be closed.

Even though it’s a holiday in Japan, for example, Sydney, Singapore, and Hong Kong may still be open. It might be the Fourth of July in the United States, but if it’s a business day, Tokyo, London, Toronto, and other financial centers will still be trading currencies. About the only holiday in common around the world is New Year’s Day, and even that depends on what day of the week it falls on.

The opening of the trading week

There is no officially designated starting time to the trading day or week, but for all intents the market action kicks off when Wellington, New Zealand, the first financial center west of the international dateline, opens on Monday morning local time. Depending on whether daylight saving time is in effect in your own time zone, it roughly corresponds to early Sunday afternoon in North America, Sunday evening in Europe, and very early Monday morning in Asia.

The Sunday open represents the starting point where currency markets resume trading after the Friday close of trading in North America (5 p.m. Eastern time). This is the first chance for the forex market to react to news and events that may have happened over the weekend. Prices may have closed New York trading at one level, but depending on the circumstances, they may start trading at different levels at the Sunday open.

Trading in the Asia-Pacific session

Currency trading volumes in the Asia-Pacific session account for about 21 percent of total daily global volume, according to a 2004 survey. The principal financial trading centers are Wellington, New Zealand; Sydney, Australia; Tokyo, Japan; Hong Kong; and Singapore. In terms of the most actively traded currency pairs, that means news and data reports from New Zealand, Australia, and Japan are going to be hitting the market during this session Because of the size of the Japanese market and the importance of Japanese data to the market, much of the action during the Asia-Pacific session is focused on the Japanese yen currency pairs (explained more in Chapter 2), such as USD/JPY – forexspeak for the U.S. dollar/Japanese yen -- and the JPY crosses, like EUR/JPY and AUD/JPY.

Of course, Japanese financial institutions are also most active during this session, so you can frequently get a sense of what the Japanese market is doing based on price movements. For individual traders, overall liquidity in the major currency pairs is more than sufficient, with generally orderly price movements. In some less liquid, non-regional currencies, like GBP/USD or USD/CAD, price movements may be more erratic or nonexistent, depending on the environment.

Trading in the European/London session

About midway through the Asian trading day, European financial centers begin to open up and the market gets into its full swing. European financial centers and London account for over 50 percent of total daily global trading volume, with London alone accounting for about one-third of total daily global volume, according to the 2004 survey. The European session overlaps with half of the Asian trading day and half of the North American trading session, which means that market interest and liquidity is at its absolute peak during this session.

News and data events from the Eurozone (and individual countries like Germany and France), Switzerland, and the United Kingdom are typically released in the early-morning hours of the European session. As a result, some of the biggest moves and most active trading takes place in the European currencies (EUR, GBP, and CHF) and the euro crosscurrency pairs (EUR/CHF and EUR/GBP). Asian trading centers begin to wind down in the late-morning hours of the European session, and North American financial centers come in a few hours later, around 7 a.m. ET.

Trading in the North American session

Because of the overlap between North American and European trading sessions, the trading volumes are muchmore significant. Some of the biggest and most meaningful directional price movements take place during this crossover period. On its own, however, the North American trading session accounts for roughly the same share of global trading volume as the Asia-Pacific market, or about 22 percent of global daily trading volume. The North American morning is when key U.S. economic data is released and the forex market makes many of its most significant decisions on the value of the U.S. dollar. Most U.S. data reports are released at 8:30 a.m. ET, with others coming out later (between 9 and 10 a.m. ET).

Canadian data reports are also released in the morning, usually between 7 and 9 a.m. ET. There are also a few U.S. economic reports that variously come out at noon or 2 p.m. ET, livening up the New York afternoon market. London and the European financial centers begin to wind down their daily trading operations around noon eastern time (ET) each day. The London, or European close, as it’s known, can frequently generate volatile flurries of activity. On most days, market liquidity and interest fall off significantly in the New York afternoon, which can make for challenging trading conditions.

On quiet days, the generally lower market interest typically leads to stagnating price action. On more active days, where prices may have moved more significantly, the lower liquidity can spark additional outsized price movements, as fewer traders scramble to get similarly fewer prices and liquidity. Just as with the London close, there’s never a set way in which a New York afternoon market move plays out, so traders just need to be aware that lower liquidity conditions tend to prevail, and adapt accordingly.

Currencies and Other Financial Markets

As much as we like to think of the forex market as the be all and end all of financial trading markets, it doesn’t exist in a vacuum. You may even have heard of some these other markets: gold, oil, stocks, and bonds. There’s a fair amount of noise and misinformation about the supposed interrelationship among these markets and currencies or individual currency pairs. To be sure, you can always find a correlation between two different markets over some period of time, even if it’s only zero (meaning, the two markets aren’t correlated at all).

Always keep in mind that all the various financial markets are markets in their own right and function according to their own internal dynamics based on data, news, positioning, and sentiment. Will markets occasionally overlap and display varying degrees of correlation? Of course, and it’s always important to be aware of what’s going on in other financial markets. But it’s also essential to view each market in its own perspective and to trade each market individually. Let’s look at some of the other key financial markets and see what conclusions we can draw for currency trading.

Gold

Gold is commonly viewed as a hedge against inflation, an alternative to the U.S. dollar, and as a store of value in times of economic or political uncertainty. Over the long term, the relationship is mostly inverse, with a weaker USD generally accompanying a higher gold price, and a stronger USD coming with a lower gold price. However, in the short run, each market has its own dynamics and liquidity, which makes short-term trading relationships generally tenuous. Overall, the gold market is significantly smaller than the forex market, so if we were gold traders, we’d sooner keep an eye on what’s happening to the dollar, rather than the other way around. With that noted, extreme movements in gold prices tend to attract currency traders’ attention and usually influence the dollar in a mostly inverse fashion.

Oil

A lot of misinformation exists on the Internet about the supposed relationship between oil and the USD or other currencies, such as CAD or JPY. The idea is that, because some countries are oil producers, their currencies are positively (or negatively) affected by increases (or decreases) in the price of oil. If the country is an importer of oil (and which countries aren’t today?), the theory goes, its currency will be hurt (or helped) by higher (or lower) oil prices. Correlation studies show no appreciable relationships to that effect, especially in the short run, which is where most currency trading is focused.

When there is a long-term relationship, it’s as evident against the USD as much as, or more than, any individual currency, whether an importer or exporter of black gold. The best way to look at oil is as an inflation input and as a limiting factor on overall economic growth. The higher the price of oil, the higher inflation is likely to be and the slower an economy is likely to grow. The lower the price of oil, the lower inflationary pressures are likely (but not necessarily) to be. We like to factor changes in the price of oil into our inflation and growth expectations, and then draw conclusions about the course of the USD from them. Above all, oil is just one input among many.

Stocks

Stocks are microeconomic securities, rising and falling in response to individual corporate results and prospects, while currencies are essentially macroeconomic securities, fluctuating in response to wider-ranging economic and political developments. As such, there is little intuitive reason that stock markets should be related to currencies. Long-term correlation studies bear this out, with correlation coefficients of essentially zero between the major USD pairs and U.S. equity markets over the last five years.

The two markets occasionally intersect, though this is usually only at the extremes and for very short periods. For example, when equity market volatility reaches extraordinary levels (say, the Standard & Poor’s loses 2+ percent in a day), the USD may experience more pressure than it otherwise would — but there’s no guarantee of that. The U.S. stock market may have dropped on an unexpected hike in U.S. interest rates, while the USD may rally on the surprise move.

Bonds

Fixed-income or bond markets have a more intuitive connection to the forex market because they’re both heavily influenced by interest rate expectations. However, short-term market dynamics of supply and demand interrupt most attempts to establish a viable link between the two markets on a short-term basis. Sometimes the forex market reacts first and fastest depending on shifts in interest rate expectations. At other times, the bond market more accurately reflects changes in interest rate expectations, with the forex market later playing catch-up.

Overall, as currency traders, you definitely need to keep an eye on the yields of the benchmark government bonds of the major-currency countries to better monitor the expectations of the interest rate market. Changes in relative interest rates (interest rate differentials) exert a major influence on forex markets.

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